Grain Glossary

< BACK KNOWLEDGE BASE Grain Glossary Get an overview of financial terms and their definitions. ALL A A B B C C D D E E F F G G H H I I J J K K L L M M N N O O P P Q Q R R S S T T U U V V W W X X Z Z Z Zero Coupon Bond A zero-coupon bond is a type of bond that does not pay periodic interest to the bondholder. Instead, the bond is issued at a discount to its face value, and the bondholder receives the face value of the bond at maturity. The difference between the purchase price and the face value represents the return to the bondholder, which is the equivalent of the interest that would have been paid out in periodic coupons. Zero-Cost Hedge (0 hedge) The concept of zero-cost hedging refers to risk management strategies in which a financial position is protected without an upfront payment using options or other financial instruments. < PREVIOUS NEXT >

< BACK KNOWLEDGE BASE Grain Glossary Get an overview of financial terms and their definitions. ALL A A B B C C D D E E F F G G H H I I J J K K L L M M N N O O P P Q Q R R S S T T U U V V W W X X Z Z B Balance sheet hedging A balance sheet hedging technique involves using financial instruments to offset potential losses or gains on the balance sheet of a company. Companies typically use it to protect themselves against adverse movements in foreign exchange rates, interest rates, or commodity prices, which can affect the value of their assets and liabilities. Base currency The base currency is the primary currency that is used to quote prices for financial instruments, such as currency pairs in the foreign exchange market. It is also the currency in which financial statements, such as balance sheets and income statements, are typically reported. Bid Bids are offers made by buyers to purchase securities at a specified price. In an auction-style market, such as a stock exchange, bids are made by buyers who want to purchase securities, and offers (also called "asks") are made by sellers who want to sell them. "Bid-ask spread" refers to the difference between prices at which buyers and sellers are willing to buy at a particular moment. Bid prices are typically lower than ask prices, and spreads are the difference between them. Bill of Landing A Bill of Lading (B/L) is a document used in shipping to acknowledge the receipt of goods and to serve as proof of title. The B/L is issued by the carrier (such as a shipping company or a trucking firm) and lists the type, quantity, and destination of the goods being transported. It also serves as a contract between the carrier and the shipper, setting out the terms and conditions of the shipment. Basis Points (bps) Basis points are used to measure a percentage change in a financial instrument's value or rate. One basis point is equal to 1/100th of 1% or 0.01%, which is used to express very small changes in value. A basis point represents a very small percent change in an easy-to-understand manner and is often used to describe changes in interest rates, yields, and other financial metrics. Bond A bond is a debt security issued by a government, municipality, or corporation for the purpose of raising capital. An investor who purchases a bond is essentially lending money to the issuer in return for interest payments and the return of principal at maturity. Companies and governments often use bonds to finance long-term projects and to smooth out their cash flow. Bonds come in many types, including corporate, municipal, and government bonds. Binary Option Binary options are financial instruments that allow speculating on the movement of various assets, such as stocks, commodities, currencies, and indices. It is called a binary option because the outcome is either a fixed payout or a loss. Broken Date Broken dates refer to contracts and financial instruments that have a non-standard or irregular tenor, or length of time until maturity. It is possible to use broken dates in a variety of financial instruments, such as bonds, loans, and derivatives. Butterfly Option The butterfly option is a type of option strategy that involves combining two vertical spreads, which each have four different options with three different strike prices. This strategy takes advantage of a neutral market environment, where the underlying asset's price is expected to remain stable. It involves purchasing two call options at a lower strike price, two put options at a higher strike price, and selling one call option and one put option at the same middle strike price. Budget rate In the context of foreign exchange (FX), a budget rate is a financial projection that estimates the expected exchange rate for a particular currency pair at a future point in time. It is used to help plan and manage resources for international transactions, and to ensure that the costs of the transactions are within the allocated budget. Blocked currency Block currencies are effectively non-convertible or inconvertible. Generally, currencies are blocked because of government restrictions, such as foreign exchange regulations, physical barriers, political sanctions, or extremely high volatility. Barrier option A barrier option is a type of derivative where the payoff depends on whether or not the underlying asset has reached or exceeded a predetermined price. A barrier option can be a knock-out, or a knock-in. Bretton Woods System According to the Bretton Woods system, the dollar was pegged to gold, which in turn was pegged to the price of gold. Despite its collapse in the 1970s, Bretton Woods had a lasting impact on currency exchange and trade through the development of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. Bound Bound was launched in 2020 with the vision of making currency conversion and hedging cheap, fair, and most of all, easy. Today, our platforms help hundreds of businesses protect themselves from currency risk across the world. Broker Currency Trading A Forex Broker is an intermediary between retail traders and the foreign exchange market in the international trading arena . Forex brokers allow people to buy and sell currencies for the participation of individuals and institutions in the global financial system. < PREVIOUS NEXT >

< BACK KNOWLEDGE BASE Grain Glossary Get an overview of financial terms and their definitions. ALL A A B B C C D D E E F F G G H H I I J J K K L L M M N N O O P P Q Q R R S S T T U U V V W W X X Z Z A At The Money (ATM) In finance, an option is at the money if the current market price of its underlying asset equals its strike price. Because the underlying asset cannot be bought or sold at a price other than the current market price, at-the-money options have no intrinsic value. Accounts payable A company's accounts payable is the amount of money it owes to its creditors for goods or services it has received, but has not yet paid for. In the context of accounting, accounts payable is classified as a liability, as it represents a company's obligation to pay off its debts. It is recorded in a company's balance sheet under the category of current liabilities, along with other debts and financial obligations that are due within the next year. Appreciation in Currency A currency appreciation in the currency market refers to an increase in the value of one currency relative to another. Simultaneously, the currency appreciation benefits importers as they have to pay less in domestic currency for imported goods. Alt 21 Alt 21 is a digital financial platform designed to let individuals and businesses hedge currency risks. The company's platform offers customizable forex hedging software including options and forwards with real-time rates for pricing in multiple currencies, enabling banks, credit unions, and corporate treasury departments to automate their forex hedging processes and deliver tailor-made financial services. Actual/360 A day count convention is used for calculating interest accrued on Treasury bills and other money market instruments . Uses actual number of days in a month and 360 days in a year for calculating interest payments. < PREVIOUS NEXT >

< BACK KNOWLEDGE BASE Grain Glossary Get an overview of financial terms and their definitions. ALL A A B B C C D D E E F F G G H H I I J J K K L L M M N N O O P P Q Q R R S S T T U U V V W W X X Z Z WM/Reuters benchmark rate A WM/Reuters benchmark rate is an exchange rate that is published daily at 4 PM London time. The exchange rates are calculated by averaging the exchange rates for currency trades that take place 30 seconds before and after 4 PM on the London market. Standard rates are used to calculate portfolio valuations and measure performance. < PREVIOUS NEXT >

< BACK KNOWLEDGE BASE Grain Glossary Get an overview of financial terms and their definitions. ALL A A B B C C D D E E F F G G H H I I J J K K L L M M N N O O P P Q Q R R S S T T U U V V W W X X Z Z C Cash flow hedge A cash flow hedge is a type of hedge that is used to protect against potential losses or gains on a company's future cash flows. It involves using financial instruments, such as derivatives, to offset the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates, interest rates, or commodity prices on the value of the company's cash flows. Consumer Price Index (CPI) Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the average price level of a basket of goods and services consumed by households. The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a critical indicator of pricing pressures in an economy and provides a gauge of inflation. Forex traders monitor the CPI, as it can lead to changes in monetary policy by the central bank that will either strengthen or weaken the currency against others in the markets. Collateral In the context of foreign exchange (FX), collateral refers to assets that are pledged as security for a financial obligation, such as a loan or a derivative contract. Collateral is often used in FX transactions to reduce the risk of default by one of the parties. Collateral can be used in other types of FX transactions as well, such as currency forwards, options, and non-deliverable forwards. In these cases, the collateral may be used to cover the potential risk of loss due to changes in exchange rates or other market conditions. Counter Currency In a currency pair, the counter currency is the second or reference currency. In ISO currency code pairs, the counter currency follows the base currency. The base currency of a pair is usually a major currency, especially when trading exotic currencies. Commodity Commodities are raw materials or primary agricultural products that can be bought and sold, such as copper, oil, wheat, gold, etc. Because commodities are standardized products with little differentiation between their qualities, they can be interchanged with other commodities of the same type. They are often produced and traded in large quantities and can be used as inputs for further production or as sources of energy. Calendar Spread A calendar spread, also called a time spread or a horizontal spread, involves simultaneously buying and selling options on the same underlying asset but with different expiration dates. Calendar spreads aim to profit from differences in option time decay. Call Option Call options are financial contracts that give the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy a specific asset at a predetermined price (the strike price) before or on a certain date (the expiration date). The underlying asset is the asset that the call option gives the holder the right to purchase. Call Spread The call spread is an option strategy where one call option is purchased and another call option is simultaneously sold on the same underlying asset. Call options have different strike prices, and the option that is purchased has a lower strike price than the option that is sold. Call spreads are designed to profit from an upward move in the price of the underlying asset while limiting losses. CAPS Caps are financial contracts used to hedge against currency fluctuations, similar to options. By using it, a currency's upside potential is limited while the holder benefits from its potential depreciation. The holder of a cap has the right to buy or sell a currency, but is not obligated to do so, at a specific strike price, on a specific date or period of time. A cap rate is the strike price that determines a currency's maximum rate. Credit Default Swap (CDS) Credit default swaps (CDS) are financial derivatives that are used to transfer credit risk from one party to another. A CDS provides protection against the risk of debt default by the issuer. Cross rate In the context of foreign exchange (FX), a cross rate is the exchange rate between two currencies, both of which are not the official currency of the country in which the exchange rate quote is given. It is calculated by using the exchange rates of the two currencies relative to a third currency, which is typically a more widely traded currency such as the US dollar. Cross border payment A cross border payment is a financial transaction that involves the transfer of money between countries, typically in different currencies. Cross border payments can be made for a variety of purposes, such as to pay for goods or services, to transfer money to or from foreign bank accounts, or to make international wire transfers. There are a number of factors to consider when making a cross border payment, such as exchange rates, fees, and regulatory requirements. Cross border trade As defined by the OCDE, cross-border trade is the exchange of goods and services between residents and non-residents. It is measured in USD as a percentage of GDP for net trade (exports minus imports) and also in annual growth for imports and exports. Convertible Bond Convertible bonds are bonds that can be converted into shares of the issuer's stock or another security at the holder's discretion. Convertible bonds are a hybrid security that combine the features of both bonds and stocks. They offer the stability and regular income of a bond, as well as the opportunity to participate in the company's potential growth. Corporate Bond Corporate bonds are debt securities issued by corporations to raise capital. There are a variety of maturities available for corporate bonds, ranging from a few months to more than 30 years. The bondholder receives periodic interest, known as a coupon, and the principal is returned at maturity. Currency forward (FX forward) A currency forward is a financial contract that involves the exchange of two currencies at a predetermined exchange rate on a future date. It is a type of derivative instrument that is used to hedge against the risk of fluctuations in exchange rates. Currency hedging Currency hedging is the practice of using financial instruments or strategies to reduce the risk of losses due to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. It is a common risk management strategy for companies and investors with international operations or exposures, as it can help to protect against the impact of currency fluctuations on the value of their assets, liabilities, and cash flows. Currency volatility Currency volatility refers to the fluctuations in the value of a currency relative to other currencies. It is a measure of the risk associated with holding or trading assets in a particular currency, and is an important consideration for companies and investors with international operations or exposures. Currency exposure Currency exposure refers to the potential impact of changes in foreign exchange rates on the value of a company's assets, liabilities, and cash flows. It is a measure of the extent to which a company is exposed to risk from movements in foreign exchange rates. A company with significant foreign currency exposure may be at risk of losses due to changes in exchange rates, which can impact the value of its assets and liabilities, as well as the cash flows from its international operations. Currency depreciation Currency depreciation occurs when the value of a currency falls against other currencies. The depreciation of currencies can be caused by economic fundamentals, interest rate differentials, political instability, or investor risk aversion. Currency convertibility In terms of foreign transactions, currency convertibility refers to the ability to exchange one currency for another at a given conversion rate. A range of degrees of convertibility can be identified, ranging from total convertibility to total inconvertibility. Convertible currency A currency is said to be freely convertible when it has an immediate value on the different international markets, and few restrictions on the manner and amount that can be traded for another currency . Free convertibility is a major feature of a hard currency. Cross currency triangulation In cross currency triangulation, monetary amounts are first converted from one national currency unit (source currency) into an intermediate currency (anchor currency). Calculation then converts the intermediate currency amount into the designated national currency unit (target currency). Cash Collection In cash collection, companies recover money from other businesses (or individuals) to whom they have previously provided invoices. Cash collection primarily aims to get invoices paid by the due date. Currency controls Currency controls (or exchange controls) limit the purchase and/or sale of currencies by governments. By limiting inflows and outflows of currency, these controls help countries stabilize their economies. Exchange controls are not available to every nation, at least not legitimately; the 14th article of the IMF's Articles of Agreement only permits their use in transitional economies. Carry Trade Carry trades involve borrowing at a low interest rate and reinvesting in a currency or financial product at a higher rate of return. Carry trades are appropriate only for investors with deep pockets due to the risks involved. Currency Score A currency score typically refers to a metric or rating system used to assess the relative strength or performance of a currency. This score can be based on several factors, including economic indicators, interest rates, inflation rates, trade balances, geopolitical stability, and market sentiment. It is commonly used by investors, traders, and economists to make decisions regarding foreign exchange (FX) markets or to analyze a country's economic health. < PREVIOUS NEXT >

< BACK KNOWLEDGE BASE Grain Glossary Get an overview of financial terms and their definitions. ALL A A B B C C D D E E F F G G H H I I J J K K L L M M N N O O P P Q Q R R S S T T U U V V W W X X Z Z G Gamma A gamma is a measure of how sensitive the delta of an option is to changes in the price of the underlying asset, used in options pricing formulas to represent the amount by which the delta of an option is expected to change in response to a $1 change in the price of the underlying asset. Gamma is typically expressed as a decimal number, and it reflects the impact that changes in the price of the underlying asset can have on the delta of an option. Government Bond A government bond is a debt security issued by the government to raise capital. Due to the fact that government bonds are backed by the full faith and credit of the issuing government, they are considered a safe investment. Greeks in Finance Variables used to assess risk in the options market are commonly referred to as "the Greeks." A Greek symbol represents each risk. Greek variables result from imperfect assumptions or relationships between the option and another underlying variable. Greek values, such as delta, theta, and others, are used by traders to assess options risk. G10 Currencies The G10 currenc ies are a group of selected major currencies that are used in international marketplaces. The name of the group originated from a meeting of finance ministers from the G10 nations on the 10th of September of 1975. The G10 currencies are: United States Dollar (USD), Euro (EUR), Pound Sterling (GBP), Japanese Yen (JPY), Australian Dollar (AUD), New Zealand Dollar (NZD), Canadian Dollar (CAD), Swiss Franc (CHF), Norwegian Krone (NOK), Swedish Krona (SEK). < PREVIOUS NEXT >

< BACK KNOWLEDGE BASE Grain Glossary Get an overview of financial terms and their definitions. ALL A A B B C C D D E E F F G G H H I I J J K K L L M M N N O O P P Q Q R R S S T T U U V V W W X X Z Z I International Monetary Fund (IMF) The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization that promotes global monetary cooperation, financial stability, and international trade. The IMF was founded in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference and is headquartered in Washington, D.C. It is funded and owned by its member countries, which contribute financial resources to the organization and are represented by a board of directors. Implied Volatility The implied volatility of a financial instrument, such as a stock or an option, indicates its expected volatility over its lifetime. Due to its derived nature, it is implied as it cannot be observed directly. Options contracts are commonly priced using implied volatility because it determines the likelihood that the underlying asset will reach a certain price by a certain date. An asset with a high implied volatility is likely to experience price swings in the future, while one with a low implied volatility is less likely to experience price movements. Implied volatility is typically expressed as an annualized percentage. Interest Rate Curve An interest rate curve represents the relationship between interest rates and debt maturity. The curve plots the interest rates of securities with different maturities on the y-axis and the maturities of the securities on the x-axis. Several factors, such as monetary policy, inflation expectations, and market conditions, can influence the shape of the interest rate curve over time. Interest Rate Swap (IRS) Interest rate swaps are financial derivatives that allow two parties to exchange or swap cash flows based on a notional principal amount. During the inception of the swap, the parties agree on a set of fixed or floating interest rates. The swap involves one party paying a fixed rate of interest on the notional amount, while the other party pays a floating rate. Floating rates are typically based on an index, such as London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR), which is the average rate at which banks can borrow funds. By using interest rate swaps, parties can hedge against changes in interest rates, manage the risk of fluctuating interest rates, or speculate on future changes in interest rates. In The Money (ITM) In finance, an option is considered to be in the money if the current market price of the underlying asset is higher than the strike price for a call option, or lower than the strike price for a put option. For example, if a stock is trading at $60 per share, and a call option with a strike price of $50 is available, the option is in the money. Similarly, if a put option with a strike price of $70 is available, it is also in the money. In-the-money options have intrinsic value, which is the difference between the current market price of the underlying asset and the strike price of the option. International Transaction International transactions are cross-border trade agreements or credit operations involving a foreign currency. A typical international transaction involves the exchange of goods or services, and the settlement date is the last step. ISO 4217 A standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) provides information about the relationships between individual currencies and their minor units by defining alpha and numeric codes. Initial Margin (IM) The initial margin (IM) is the amount of cash or collateral that an investor must pay to open a margin account in order to purchase a security. Investors can borrow money to buy securities with this type of collateral. IMM Dates IMM Dates refer to the expiration dates for futures and options traded on the International Monetary Market (IMM), the largest foreign exchange futures and options market in the United States. These contracts consistently expire on the third Wednesday of March, June, September, and December. The selection of these dates is intentional and standardized for market consistency. < PREVIOUS NEXT >

< BACK KNOWLEDGE BASE Grain Glossary Get an overview of financial terms and their definitions. ALL A A B B C C D D E E F F G G H H I I J J K K L L M M N N O O P P Q Q R R S S T T U U V V W W X X Z Z Quote Currency In foreign exchange (Forex), the quote currency, also known as the counter currency, is the second currency in both direct and indirect currency pairs. A quote currency determines the value of a base currency. When currency exchange rates are quoted, the quote currency is listed after the base currency. < PREVIOUS NEXT >

Boost Your Business with Embedded Hedging Gain certainty, save costs and drive higher sales with our embedded cross-currency solution Book a Demo Watch Video BACKED BY INDUSTRY LEADERS Discover Grain's Solution Explore the powerful capabilities of our solution designed to simplify and enhance your cross-currency transactions. Easy Integration via Flexible API Customize our flexible API for your platform's unique needs. Experience easy, adaptable integration for effective FX protection. Cross-Currency Protection Shield your transactions from currency fluctuations. Our solution offers robust FX risk protection, ensuring stability in your financial planning. Visibility and Control via the Grain Dashboard Manage and monitor your FX activities with our Grain Dashboard, offering essential insights for informed decision-making. AI-Powered Models for Adaptive Rates Our AI models adjust hedging costs based on customer profiles, considering factors like cancellation history and currency preferences, ensuring efficient and custom-fit pricing. Perfect For Any Industry Our industry specific solutions are engineered to fit your needs and goals. Travel Platforms Supply Chain Financial Services Marketplaces Discover Our Solution See the video to learn more about Grain Watch The Full Video Why Choose Grain? Unveiling the Key Benefits for Your Business Reduce FX Pains Grain assumes 100% of your currency risk, guaranteeing your FX rates without the hassle of managing FX volatility on your own. Save Costs Lower your cost of hedging and cross-border payments by a typical factor of 80% relative to existing solutions. Boost Sales Integrate a menu of FX modules that brings measurable financial value to your customers. Simplify Financials Enable your customers to pay you over their local rails without any FX risk and without requiring expensive markups. See Grain in Action Add currency certainty - without the complexity. Get Started Why is currency protection crucial for my business? Currency volatility can lead to unpredictable financial outcomes, affecting your bottom line. Grain's currency protection ensures stability in your international transactions, allowing for more consistent financial planning and reduced risk exposure. How does Grain protect my business from currency volatility? Grain protects your business from currency volatility through our innovative embedded currency hedging solution. Our data-driven cross-currency approach is designed to shield your transactions from currency fluctuations, ensuring stability on future accounts receivables or payables. Using a straightforward data stream via API or file sharing, Grain assumes all currency risks away from you. What kind of data does Grain require to provide currency protection? Grain focuses on transactional data related to your cross-currency activities. This includes details of international transactions, payment histories, and related financial data. We are committed to maintaining the highest standards of data security and privacy. How does Grain's Machine Learning model enhance FX protection? Our Machine Learning model analyzes past transaction patterns to create FX protection strategies specifically for your business or your end users. This includes creating pricing based on customer behavior, like cancellations and payment delays, thereby minimizing risk and maximizing efficiency. What security measures does Grain take to protect my data? At Grain, we prioritize your data's security and privacy. We use advanced encryption and security protocols to ensure that all data processed through our system is protected. Our commitment to data privacy is backed by continuous monitoring and adherence to the latest security standards. Which currencies does Grain support for transactions? Grain supports a wide range of currencies, facilitated by our multi-currency wallet feature. This allows you to create and manage accounts in various currencies, enhancing your ability to conduct and receive payments globally. Whether you're dealing in major world currencies or more localized ones, our platform is designed to cater to your diverse currency needs. How does Grain currency volatility protection work? Grain's currency volatility protection works through an AI-driven solution. Firstly, it integrates with your platform to report transactions. Then, it provides real-time local currency quotes to your users, ensuring exchange rate certainty. Grain assumes 100% of the FX risk, guaranteeing the rates promised. Finally, on the due date, Grain automates the currency exchange at the guaranteed rate, completing the transaction seamlessly. Do I need the entire payment amount to be processed via Grain? No. You can elect whether to convert the entire transaction amount via Grain, or to only settle the currency offsets How does the Grain Local Collection functionality work? Grain opens multiple cross-currency bank accounts, facilitating seamless local collections for global business operations. FAQs

< BACK KNOWLEDGE BASE Grain Glossary Get an overview of financial terms and their definitions. ALL A A B B C C D D E E F F G G H H I I J J K K L L M M N N O O P P Q Q R R S S T T U U V V W W X X Z Z T Take Rate A take rate is the fee that a marketplace charges for a transaction that is carried out by a third-party seller or service provider. The take rate is a determining factor in a marketplace's revenue as reported on its income statement: Take rate * GMV (gross merchandise volume) = revenue. Tenor Tenor refers to the time between the maturity date and the maturity date of a financial instrument, such as a bond or loan. The tenor of a financial instrument can be expressed in various ways, such as years, months, or even days. Theta In finance, theta is a measure of an option's sensitivity to time-based changes in price. The Greek letter used in options pricing formulas to represent the amount by which the price of an option is expected to decline over a given period of time, due to the passage of time and the decay of the option's extrinsic value.Theta is typically expressed as a negative number, and it reflects the impact that the passage of time can have on the value of an option. Tick Ticks are units of measurement that represent the minimum price change for a security. Ticks are commonly used for expressing changes in a financial instrument's price, such as a stock, bond, commodity, or derivative, and they represent the smallest increment in a security's price. The value of a tick can vary depending on the security being traded and the market in which it is traded, but it is typically very small. For example, in the stock market, a tick may be equal to one cent for some stocks and $0.01 for others. Ticks are often used by traders and investors to track the performance of a security and to make decisions about buying and selling. Treasury bill (T-bill) T-bills are short-term debt securities issued by the U.S. government. T-bills are sold in denominations ranging from $100 to $1,000,000, and their maturities range from a few days to 52 weeks. Since T-bills are backed by the full faith and credit of the United States government, they are considered to be very safe investments. Investors often use them to park money or diversify their portfolios for a short period of time. T-bills do not pay interest, but they are sold at a discount to their face value, and the difference between the purchase price and the face value represents the return to the investor. T-bills are issued through competitive and noncompetitive bidding processes. Transaction Exposure Transaction exposure is the potential loss a company may incur due to changes in foreign exchange rates on existing financial obligations or expected future cash flows. Companies can use a variety of financial instruments and strategies to manage transaction exposure. Transaction exposure is also known as economic exposure. Trader A trader is a person who buys and sells financial instruments such as stocks, bonds, currencies, commodities, or derivatives in an attempt to make a profit. Traders can work on their own or as part of a larger financial institution, such as a bank or brokerage firm. Translation Exposure / Transaction Risk The translation exposure (also known as the translation risk) is the possibility that an organization's assets, liabilities, or income will change in value as a result of changes in exchange rates. Translation risk occurs when a company has equities, assets, liabilities, or income denominated in a foreign currency. Target redemption forwards (TARFs) Target redemption forwards (TARFs) are complex financial instruments that allow holders to exchange currencies at a better rate than the standard forward rate. Corporate organizations often use TARFs in foreign exchange (FX) markets. With multiple partial settlement dates, they combine a barrier (knock-out) call option and a barrier (knock-out) put option. If the enhanced rate reaches a target level, the product automatically expires if the holder hasn't paid an upfront premium. Tied Gold Tied gold in finance refers to a system where a country's currency is directly linked to gold reserves. Under this system, the value of the currency is backed by a fixed quantity of gold, and the government promises to exchange the currency for a specific amount of gold upon request. It is a form of gold standard. < PREVIOUS NEXT >

< BACK KNOWLEDGE BASE Grain Glossary Get an overview of financial terms and their definitions. ALL A A B B C C D D E E F F G G H H I I J J K K L L M M N N O O P P Q Q R R S S T T U U V V W W X X Z Z U.S. Dollar Index U.S. Dollar Index measures the dollar's value relative to a basket of foreign currencies, often referred to as a basket of U.S. trade partners' currencies. Universal Currency Converter Universal currency converters provide the convenience of converting currency values using current exchange rates through software applications or websites. It is easy to find free currency converters on the Internet, which are capable of converting the value of one currency to another, such as dollars to euros and euros to pounds. < PREVIOUS NEXT >